Construction Project Quality Control
Construction Project Quality Control
Quality Home Builders SF Communities – Construction Quality
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A SYSTEMS APPROACH IN ANALYSING MATERIAL CONSTRAINING FACTORS TO CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT SUCCESS IN NIGERIAN
A SYSTEMS APPROACH IN ANALYSING MATERIAL CONSTRAINING FACTORS TO CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT SUCCESS IN NIGERIAN.
By; Dr. C.C Nwachukwu ANIVS, FCRMI, Lecturer, Project Management Technology Department, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, West Africa. GSM; 08033289740, E-Mail; nedumchisma@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The study analyzed materials as an integral part of the direct and indirect factors that constrain project management success of public and private sector construction in Nigeria using systems approach. This study is very relevant as any constrain to the success in the construction sector has a significant effect on the overall economic growth of the nation. Data analyses were computed based on the subjective data on the factors Relative Relevance Indices of Attributes. Factor analysis was used to collapse the factors to fewer but interrelated variables. The result of the analysis of material factors will lead to the development of a computer model and advanced project management software that will include materials as an efficient instrument in tracking projects alongside with Time and Cost variables.
KEYWORDS
Material Constraining Factors, Systems Relative Relevance Attributes, Public and Private Sector Construction.
INTRODUCTION
Construction industry could been ranked among the top four out of about twenty economic sectors in terms of inter-sector linkages. The importance of this sector as an agent of development is enhanced by its ability to provide gainful employment for the teeming population of the nation. To this end therefore, the strategic importance of the construction industry in a growing economy like Nigeria cannot be over-emphasized as we have seen that the industry account for a significant percentage of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product and employs a substantial fraction of the labor force. Construction industry is a major index as a factor in the social and political integration of the society and ranks as one of the major budgetary areas of developing economies. The construction industry is proven to be the corner stone and bedrock of rapid economic growth of any nation (Bhavesh, 2006). This is underscored by the fact that capital projects in Nigerian budget mostly represent over 40% of the total projected expenditure in both Federal and state governments annual budgets and also in the nations various development and rolling plans. The product of construction industry is desired not for the services they create as commerce and industry have a structural base. According to Eric, 2003, “the industry is likely to remain a major area of development activity as the need for the provision and replacement of infrastructure become more relevant in the years ahead”.
This study is limited to material factors constraining construction project management success in Nigeria. Project success constrains as a system are inter-related and have significant effect individually and collectively on both public and private sectors of the economy.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The study is aimed at identifying and analyzing material constraining factors to project management success of both private and public sector construction in Nigeria. The analysis will reflect the strength of each factor and the rate at which it influences failure, abandonment and collapse of construction projects in Nigeria. The result of the findings if implemented is expected to reduce the rate at which projects fail in Nigeria if not eliminating them.
METHODOLOGY
Data for the analysis was through direct and indirect sources. A five point-Likert scale format was used in the questionnaire design. Factor analysis was used to collapse the variables to fewer but interrelated variables. The ANOVA was used to confirm the differences in the level of relevance of these factors constraining project success. The analysis focused on cost related constrains in the construction of Ten building structures housing Imo State secretariat Owerri by Ten different construction firms, the construction of Owerri Onitsha road that is still ongoing and the construction of Oceanic bank building along Douglas road Owerri, all in Eastern Nigeria, West African Sub-Region. The analytical formula is RRId = ?ci/CI x 100.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The modern concept in the history of construction industry increased the responsibilities of human resource management especially in materials procurement which is evidenced in increased contractor’s managerial role. The Latham Report in 1994, the Egan Report in 1998, and the result of the Rethinking Construction helped in galvanizing the pace of change in materials substitution in the construction industry. The report called for a ‘radical change to the processes of specifying material requirements in construction project design, procurement process, storage and instalation. The four ‘key elements’ of product development, project implementation, partnering the supply chain and the production of components should be subject, it said, to innovations resulting in integrated project processes. Most importantly, the report urged the development of a culture of performance measurement in material handling so that the efficacy of such innovations could be evaluated and continuous improvement promoted. Seven targets were set relating to improvements in cost, time, predictability, defects, accidents, productivity in material management.
The evolution of sophisticated construction materials and the effect of communication in enhancing marketing strategies is a possitive index in its avialability. However, the available construction materials to choose from are many; some of the materials are new and have not been tested. Stringent rules are now being required, for example to meet environmental protection law prescriptions. Methods of construction have changed over the years from mere lying of bricks and blocks to sophisticated complex concrete and steel constructions both in-situ and fabricated. These methods require different management systems approach than the conventional methods could cope with.
THE IDENTIFIED MATERIAL RELATED FACTORS CONSTRAINING PROJECT MANAGEMENT SUCCESS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR CONSTRUCTION IN NIGERIA ARE:
- *Incomplete detailed information on material installations and functional life of the materials.
* Delays in material procurement caused by the client, project team, and or contractors and its implications on construction cost and time.
*Lack of detailed information on weather effects of some construction materials and their implication as regards installation, duration, maintenance capabilities especially foreign procured materials.
* Effective and efficient management of procured materials on site, Inadequate or incomplete specification on design and documentation.
* Initial cost estimating errors on materials type, quantity and quality.
*Attitude of project team and client towards material control and monitoring on site during construction.
* Forecasting the inflation effect on materials at the conception and planning stages.
* High cost of basic building materials and their effect in causing construction projects delays and abandonment.
* Bribery and corruption as they affect cost of materials procurement.
*Inadequate established and systematic materials Cost control procedure for the project design and construction.
* Computers rarely employed for measuring the weight and quality of materials. *Critical and crucial issues like personnel motivation that will affect materials design, procurement and storage are not usually considered and clearly specified. *Lack of adequate information on health implications of some materials on end users and handling process during installations.
* Minimising specialist work, promoting Prime cost on provisional sums for some materials.
* Specialist work on some material installation are not well defined early in the project.
* Clarity of design brief and minimum design gap on materials.
THE RESEARCH MODEL
The model in figure 1 consists of direct and indirect variables developed as a holistic approach to solving the problem of project management success constrains in the construction industry in Nigeria. This study is based on the analysis of only material factors as a subsystem of the general presented system. The arrows in the model show how the variables interrelated and are intra-dependent. To this end, it shows that any factor that affects a subsystem variable will invariably affect every other factor from that system and also from other subsystems.
TIME SUBSYSTEM
SUBSYSTEM
CLIENT SUBSYSTEM
SSSSUBSUBSYSTEM
PROJECT MANAGEMENT SUBSYSTEM
SUBSYSTEM
ENVIRONMENTAL SUBSYSTEM
CONSTRUCTION
SUBSYSTEM
DESIGN SUBSYSTEM
SUBSYSTEM
QUALITY SUBSYSTEM
SUBSYSTEM
Figure 1 THE CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT SUCCESS INTERACTIVE MODEL composed by the researcher
Principal Factor Loadings of Public and Private Sector in the Materials Subsystem Variables and there RRIA.
Table 1 Factor loadings
Common variables
Public
Private
Factor 1
Fluctuation in the cost of materials
Inadequate storage facilities, ambiguous material specification during design.
Initial material cost estimating errors
Attitude of project team towards material wastage.
Forecasting the cost effect of a decision before implementation on material substitution
Inadequate established and systematic material cost control procedure
Critical and crucial issues affecting materials not considered
Inadequate planning on alternative materials
Minimizing specialist work prompting provisional and prime cost sums on materials
Clarity of design brief and minimum design gap
0.51628
0.66515
0.54089
0.61521
0.60849
0.66303
0.64086
0.65712
0.61150
0.49967
0.50220
0.69005
0.55518
0.5782
0.64619
0.66445
0.63301
0.67830
0.54593
0.48571
Unforeseen circumstances
High interest rates on loan facilities for material procurement
Bribery and corruption
Minimizing claims through thorough understanding of contract conditions
Ability of design to achieve economy on materials
Frequent change orders/variations with financial implications
Construction delays
Cost control during design stage
0.58869(4)
0.47275(3)
0.37300(5)
0.50749(3)
0.54449(2)
0.54988(2)
0.52056(2)
0.46890(2)
0.56538(2)
0.54608(1)
0.61019(1)
0.50174(1)
0.69529(1)
0.585509(1)
0.595144(1)
0.54362(2)
0.55482(2)
0.51020(2)
Source: Computer Analysis of the study
ANALYSIS OF THE VARIABLES
In the material subsystem, three principal factors having eigenvalues greater than 1.0 were obtained in both public and private sector projects For the purpose of extraction of relevant factors for computation, only those factors greater than 0.400 were considered. In addition, the various factors were given descriptive names on the basis of their most basic variables that is, variables with the highest loadings. It will also be noticed that a number of variables load higher than one. For the purposes of loading extracted factors, variables were grouped with factors where they have the highest wieght.
Table 2 Eigenvalues greater than 1.0, percentage variance and cumulative percentage
A – PUBLIC
B – PRIVATE
Factors
Eigenvalues
Percentage variance
%
Cumulative percentage variance
Eigenvalues
Percentage variance
%
Cumulative percentage variance
%
1.
2.
3.
4.21470
3.42151
2.36102
17.7
10.1
8.3
17.7
29.4
51.1
3.61363
3.16195
1.45613
23.1
14.1
5.8
23.1
54.4
61.3
Source: Computer Analysis of the study
Table 3 (A,B) Variable groupings into dimensions using principal factors
A – Public sector construction
Factors Extracted variables and their loadings No of variable L/D Factor Name
Per factor
1 M2 M5 M6 M7 M8 M11 M13 M14 10 Thorough detailed scope definition,
- 0.51628 0.66515 0.54089 0.61521 0.60849 0.66303 0.64085 0.65712 adequate planning & attitude
M15 M16 towards material management
0.61150 0.49967
2 M1 M3 M17 M1 M198 5 Effects of material procurement and
- 0.52056 0.46898 -0.54449 0.54988 -0.56538 storage, delays & uneconomic use.
3 M9 M12 2 Fluctuations on the cost of materials
- 0.47275 0.50749 and variance in quality.
4 M4 1 unforeseen circumstances
0.58869
M10 1 Bribery and corruption in procurement processes
0.37380
Sources Computer analysis of the study
B – Private sector construction
- M2 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 16 Detailed scope definition & planning
- 0.50228 0.54608 0.69005 0.55518 0.65782 0.4619 0.61019 0.50174 material procurement and storage
M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M18
- 0.66445 0.69529 0.63301 0.67830 0.54593 0.48571 0.58509 0.59594
- M1 M3 M19 3 Cost implications of variation in material variations
- -0.54362 -0.55482 0.51020
3 - - - - - - - - -
Source: Computer Analysis of the study
RESULTS OF FACTOR ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC MATERIAL VARIABLES
It is interesting to see that 4 of the 6 attributes defining this dimension are related exclusively to the early definition stage of the project, while only two relate to the other stages. These are “Fluctuations in materials cost” and “Attitude of project team towards material management”. The second attribute is also very important in the definition stage since the attitude of the client and the project team towards material management at the early stage has marked effect on the achievement of the project goal. Attitudes of the client and project team towards material management are very important. Fluctuation in materials cost is another variable that load in the first sector. Materials could be bulk purchased, payment and procedure for fluctuation payment or non-payment incorporated early in planning at conceptual stage. The second factor identified as “cost effects of materials variation, delays and uneconomic material specification in design” is defined by 5 variables, 2 of which load positive while 3 load negative on the factor, 4 variables have factor loadings exceeding 0.5000 while 1 variable loaded less than 0.5000. These variables include; frequent change orders, delays, claims minimisation, design economy and design stage cost control. This factor accounts for 12.1% variance explanation with Eigen value of 2.24. Frequent change orders and variations in materials procurement loaded fourth.Factor 2 variation have direct and indirect effect on material wastage. Direct, in that quality of materials, labour and plant are affected or altered indirectly, it has also a disruptive effects on the schedule which further affect cost. This variable, endemic in the Nigeria public sector construction, has its root in the inadequate scope definition during the conceptual stage and therefore, relate to the factors as described above.
Extracted Variables and their loadings
No of variables L/D per factor
Factor Name
1.
M15 0.64065
MC16
0.58676
M17
0.76118
M18
0.73077
M 19
0.68088
5
Detailed specification of material requirement & early supply planning.
2.
M1
0.62969
M2
0.76537
M3
0.59939
M5
0.59243
M13
0.51608
M14
0.68307
6
variations on quality specifications of materials
3.
M6
0.76067
M7
0.53492
M8
0.60394
M9
0.67423
4
Interest rates on loan for material supply & efficient control on use.
4.
M11
0.57173
M12
0.76432
2
Initial material cost estimating errors
5.
M4
0.61636
M10
0.57842
2
Unforeseen circumstances & bribery & corruption
Table 4 A – Public Sector factor Analysis
Source: Computer Analysis of the study
Results of Private Sector material subsystem factor analysis
In the private sector materials subsystem, 5 factors accounted for 62% of the variance explanations in the total data input extracted. For details of their factor loadings, Eigenvalue of proportion of variance explanation per factor, greater proportion of variance is therefore accounted for by the factors in the private sector than that in the public sector construct5ion.
The Dominant factor, one, explains 33% of the variance as against 27.7% in the public sector. But unlike the public sector, which has 10 variables, this factor has 16 variables loaded on it out of the 19 variables. The public and private sectors have 10 common variables loaded on the dominant factors. Material planning during design stage loading higher in the private sector shows the importance of this variable in this sector. Effective material planning at an early stage is a pre requisite to staying within budget once all the factors affecting cost during execution stage will be taken into account and provisions made for them. There is however, tendency of project team members to deliberately underestimate the material content of a project in order to get a go ahead approval from the authorities as a quotation strategy. From the private sector factor analysis, the second factor has three variables loading on it, 2 negatively and one positively. The negatively loading variables are “frequent change orders/variations of materials with its financial implications” and “construction delays” based on unavailability of ordered materials. The positively loading variable is “material planning and control during design stage”.
Table 4B– Private Sector Factor Analysis
Factors
Extracted variables and their loadings
No of variables L/D per factor
Factor Name
1.
M6
0.79724
M7
0.57957
M8
0.56280
M10
0.62932
M11
0.53132
M12
0.56207
6
Systematic materials procurement and control procedure
2.
M15
0.69186
M17
0.71451
M18
0.57367
M19
0.77705
4
Detailed scope definition of material requirements & early design cost planning for material shortage
3.
M1
0.68853
M2
0.83431
M3
0.80075
MC9
0.52054
4
Cost effects of fluctuations, delays and variations in the use of materials
4.
M5
0.55708
MC13
0.75255
M14
0.53159
3
Poor material inventory control
5.
M4
0.57955
M16
0.66652
2
Weather effect on materials
Source: Computer Analysis of the study
The first part of table shows the comparison between the public construction sectors in the terms of the principal loadings of various variables. The 10 variables common to both sectors are loadings on factor 1, which show that the loadings are generally similar in 14 out of 19 variables. The second factor is defined by 6 variables, one loading very high and the other 5 moderately high. The variables that load highest are fluctuations in materials labour and plant costs (inflation). The variable is a very significant factor causing materials constrains in the public sector construction. The next highly loading variable is inadequate planning followed by frequent change orders and variations with their financial implications. Construction delays and inadequate or incomplete design have approximately equal loading 0.59939 and 0.59243 respectively. The variable that is least loaded on this factor is the critical and crucial issues that will affect materials supply and use. Factor 2 is therefore termed “inflation, variations and poor planning”. Comparing this with corresponding factor 2 (principal factors), 5 variables are common to both factors. Factor 3 has four variables loading on it against 2 variables loading on factor 3 using principal factors. The four variables include initial material cost estimating errors, attitude towards material wastage by project personnel, ambiguous materials specifications during design and interest rates on loan for materials procurement. The variable common to the two factors is high interest rates. This factor is therefore termed “interest rates, attitude, and efficient cost control “The fourth factor is defined by only 2 variables, inadequate established cost control procedure on material procurement. The corresponding factor 4 using principal factors has only one variable loading on it (unforeseen circumstances) thus; there is no common variable between the two factors. The fifth factor is also defined by 2 variables, unforeseen circumstances-likelihood of unexpected events in the employers risk area and bribery and corruption. It is interesting to note that the corresponding factor 5 using principal factors, has bribery and corruption as the only variable loading on it.
CONCLUSION
Material s, I suggest should not be regarded as having been taking care of by cost. The four direct factors of Time, Cost, Quality and Materials management are interwoven, interrelated and should be checked as critical factors that constrain success in any construction project management irrespective of the magnitude of the construction work. We know as project stakeholders that delay in material procurement, inventory practices etc could prevent the commencement of a critical activity and invariably affect cost in all its ramifications. In a long run, health implications of a construction material may affect the value of a constructed property like the use of asbestos material in roofing and ceiling. Also, the inability of analyzing weather implications of some local and imported materials will definitely affect the maintenance of the constructed structure. Some materials expire during the implementation process of the construction project and the replacement will definitely affect construction time, cost and quality of work.
RECOMENDATIONS
- Materials specification and analysis should be seen as a significant index in appraising project proposals. There should be no ambiguity in material specification in project design especially for complex prosals. Project stakeholders should see material factors as part of direct factors that must be watched carefully for project implementation to succed. The result of this analysis of materials factors will lead to the development of a computer model and an advanced construction project management soft ware that will include material handling and substitution as an efficient instrument in tracking projects alongside with time and cost
Computer based project management techniques should be used in analysing cost schedules, tracking and smoothing of activities during project executions.
A project manager should be appointed early enough in the project life cycle to handle the management from inception to completion. This project manager, in conjunction with the design team members should define the scope of the works in detail in terms of material alternatives.
REFERENCES
Ashley, D.B and Lurie, L.S. (2004) Determination of Construction Project
Success, Project Management Journal, Vol. XVII No. 2. PP146
Baker, M .L (2002) Materials Management Systems Analysis and
Project Management, Vol 4. No 8.PP 45.
Bhavesh, .M. P (2006) Project Management Strategy Financial Planning,
Evaluation and Control, New Delhi, PTV Ltd.
Cleland, D.I. and King, W.R. (1988) Project Stakeholders Management, Project
Management Journal, Vol. 17, No.4. PP 36
CLELAND, D.I (1986) Project management Handbook, Second Edition, New
York, U.S.A Van Nostrand Reinhold, PP 964
Dugun, S.L. and Barry, B.U. (2006), Construction Planning Effects. Journal of
Construction Engineering and Management. Vo. 115 No. 1 PP 70.
Eric, C.E., (2003) Facility Design and Management Hand book, London,
McGraw-Hill, PP 531
Harold, K. R (2004) Project Management A Systems Approach to Planning,
Scheduling and Controlling, New Delhi, India. S.K Jain Publishers,pp68
Macomber, E.A (2008) “Reforming Project Management”
http:///weblog.halmacomber.com// 5/4/2006
Milosevic, D.Z. (2007) Systems Approach to Strategic Project Management.
International Journal of Project Management. Vol.7 No.3. PP57
Ninos, G.E. and Wearne, S.H (2005) “Control of Projects During Construction”.
Proceedings of Institute of Civil Engineers, Part 1, 8th August 80
Engineering Management Groups:PP 913.
Nwachukwu, CC (2008) Analysis of Factors that Constrain Project
Management Success of Public and Private Sector Construction in
Nigeria, An unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Federal University of
Technology Owerri.
Roy, P.D. (2005) the Construction Project Manager and Human Group Theories Cost Engineering, vol. 31 No. 7PP10
Construction Insurance Risk Manager
Construction Insurance Risk Manager
Could you use a crystal ball for risk management?
Meet to consider risk management The importance of risk management in the property development industry in Qatar will be raised at a conference organized in collaboration with Dohaland and the Institute of Risk Management (IRM). The event will take place Monday at The Knowledge Centre enrichment (KEC), off the Corniche.
The Essentials of Insurance Builders
What contractors need to purchase a policy?
Although the public employer and Liability Insurance is not compulsory under Irish law, the number of construction companies that now consider it essential has grown rapidly in recent years, a growth that was established by helped recent construction boom in Ireland and the Economy. Research suggests that contractor's primary motivation in arranging construction insurance against the potential is enormous legal protection in a society that now has become an increasingly contentious. Another motivation is the fact that more and more construction contractors a require adequate insurance before they can begin to keep working on the site.
Insurance costs have become a significant cost factor for all players design in the construction industry, including developers, general contractors, construction managers, and build the companies, specialty contractors, subcontractors, Owners and sponsors of public and private construction projects. This growth makes it necessary for decision makers in the industry on a good understanding of the risks Guarantees and indemnities in connection with insurance Builder's.
So, what contractors have to be observed in selecting the right builder's insurance, their special needs be met?
The first big thing is the type of construction insurance that a company decide to buy. Builder's policy, public liability, professional & Contractors cover all risks are designed, works by insurance against almost every conceivable risk protection that could be a building owner liability. Construction companies have to keep in mind that the policy generally flexible and capable to meet the needs each project to meet.
The other important thing that contractors need to consider the cost of insurance. While they were extremely expensive just A few years ago, are home owners' insurance is now cheaper than ever before. It is therefore important that companies no policies that over the years and the least costly Conditions in what is undoubtedly write a "buyer's market" disposed to negotiate.
Of course, one of the most important things is to choose an insurance broker with enough experience, a firm you can trust to give you the best possible products and offer services. For example, take Keystone Insurance, Ireland's leading Construction insurance brokerage, is keen to get to guarantee customers exactly what they need. The company provides insurance very efficiently; Quotes are fast, while coverage can be agreed over the phone arranged. Keystone also provides professional advice to companies to renew their policies or want to transfer to another department which offers better terms.
Experienced brokers such as Keystone aware of how important clients are politics, and therefore prepared are no compromises when making the offer most suitable products for their customers.
Liability Insurance
Construction Project Proposal Format
Construction Project Proposal Format
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Customers access to social And people who are ready and able to compete in world markets and not to deny the fact that global economic competition is obsolete and confusing to those who can not or Does not want competition. Organizations will be looking for a way to show the value We are in Bearing in mind the conclusion that the active structure with new ideas based on existing management and commerce. To bring into action. Organization that aggressively downsizing, even as they try to expand the revenue base of them seriously. Are more willing to improve and the program. To reduce duplication and increase efficiency. Organization will become market-driven while remaining true vision for the business. Will compete in the global economy as corporate development. Economic need to use technology to increase efficiency needed to offset higher labor costs. Reengineering of business processes and provide decision support at point Contact with customers reduces the need for layers of management decisions and better meet the increased customer service. Means knowledge empowerment and responsibility have To the point of customer contact employees. Empowerment to provide goods and services, problems and opportunities are identified and ends. Client server computer that are most effective. Source tool that allows employees to power and responsibility. The following are key drivers in the organization's policy philosophy and practices. Competition forces organizations. To find new ways to manage their business, although few people. outsourcing, market trends and consumer driven out of date quickly. Technology is enabler of the organization. Agility to survive and succeed in the global trade barriers that disabled organizations to look for partners and processes that are not inhibited by artificial borders. Quality cost difference of products and services are important new market. Our information systems to support these important.
Competition, organizations need information systems. Adjustment costs and to see how the questions are in business to existing investors and the like. Centralized IS operations, particularly under the microscope The product obsolescence never focused one factor. Buy more options and greater demand. Technology to enable organizations to meet the needs and expectations accordingly. Quality and flexibility. Must be decided by people in contact with customers. Removed several layers of corporate middle management. Technology must provide the necessary information and support. This new structure. If the business can work from a place of technology available to support these agencies must be trusted to the existing central system. Remote management technology. Technology is essential in the distribution of scarce expertise appropriately and to reduce costs. Each person must have access to all the information he or she needs and right for Access regardless of where the store is set or is located. We can use this technology to make this "single system image" of the information desk in what technology. Used to create it. Standard manufacturers have introduced new And costs decreased significantly. Innovative racing. Enterprise architecture must take advantage of the cost. Workstations Desktop offers as it appears now that the energy and the mainframe. mainframes are just a few years ago. The challenge is to implement energy efficiency and the ability to create Solving real business problems. Downsizing and empowerment require a workgroup have access to information and collaboration. The decision was made in the workplace is not the head. Office of Standards and new technologies allow users to access and workstations regardless of their location. Remote network management allows professionals to support and central Reliability of systems such as distributed systems. Distribution system, but not transparent The access network is often a set of challenges; Therefore, the existing. Network is not enough. Retooling to network infrastructure to support existing access new environment.
Standards for new vendors enter the market. Common platform to target all markets to all products with potential customers. A high rate of referral is something that organizations must deal with. Many specialized manufacturers committed to standard technology environment, many different manufacturers effectively serve buyers. Power Workstation, Group empowerment. Storage investments existing remote network management and business marketing to drive customers to create demand for computer servers. Technology is here; What is missing. Have the expertise to use it effectively. Corporate pressure to demonstrate the many uses of the information system does work. Any other component or operation of business units. This is a special challenge because most organizations do not have any prior experience. Limited financial strength and they are not measuring success by the same yardstick for business reasons. " The other units of value creation within the enterprise. IS not under a microscope to identify the role it played a real added value to the organization as a whole. The world organization. Can not see the value as a framework or will be outsourced survey found that approximately 1000 companies on average pay 90 percent of the coins are still in existing. Core business interests. But only from the "A" new Drama in reducing cost technology helps adjust several Organizations adapt more quickly than he. Competitors demonstrates the value and market leadership of Add to price products and services at these organizations "before the market It is a commodity. They attract only commodity prices. This is true of all businesses that want to compete in the marketplace with products and services to display the organization's internal. Government department or their own. "It only took God seven days to create a global environment because it does not have an existing handle. . 3 billion invested in the company. Computing infrastructure and training. This investment must be fully Customer success. / Server solution works with existing and gradually moved to the new platform. And business models.
To achieve the goal of the year. 1990 Corporate downsizing and the elimination of middle management positions. He wants to transfer responsibility to the nearest authorized person. Customer decisions. History of the computer system has the burden of data collection and maintenance of the running line page. However, husbanded information in headquarters To support the decision by central management. Data must be defined in the create and maintainers by providing connectivity and distributed database management organization And client server computer applications technology to support the movement of data processing to create and direct the user data Traditional OLTP applications have. The financial, insurance and sales of government-related organizations. These programs look for platforms that require high reliability to ensure that transaction. Accurate management information is not lost and turnaround time is very low and only those authorized can access the program. OLTP is understood in traditional industries. Mainframe-centric platform. But not distributed in a client / server platform. Organizations do (and will continue to) rely on technology to drive business. Is not much industry. Understand how to build mission-critical customer applications. / Server platform. The organization moved to the empowerment of employees and computer. Desktop become an important technology. Elements of the business. Client / server applications and platforms must provide mainframe class reliability. Executive information systems provide a single screen view, how we're doing good. " By comparing the mass of detail contained in the current and historical database. Companies with information from external sources about the economy and competition. The organization into a company With their customers and partners need to work with external systems is important to capture information required for EIS performance. Organizations need. EIS will use information in strategic decision making. DSS should provide "what if analysis" projects the effect of these decisions. Managing the expectations and the ability to process within Create alerts to decide when the truth does not comply. This is a DSS client version / server. The key information resources of the organization. Be truly effective organization. The data sources and distribute under the terms of the needs and rights of access "throughout the organization. Group will select as the best platform. Needs and these platforms must integrate to support enterprise solutions. Systems built around open systems standards necessary for effective integration. Los Angeles County for the data specify only that the goal is "to use and operate a modern telecommunications network that benefits all flexibly use. County from the desktop to telecommunications. desktop U.S. government has initiated a national data exchange program with a simple purpose, to the intellectual property of the United States. Applies to all the needs and rights of access.
"The computer becomes a real benefit to our society only when they are linked by infrastructure such as highways and power systems. Schedule power of a new form of free market data service. Features that make highways and power grids truly useful. pervasiveness of every home and office simultaneously. Accessing these services are used. – Do not think the normal course of life and work. This has caused widespread access due recognition. Interconnection standards. If the standard of driving is not unexpected and dangerous confusion. If the wall plug all different shapes, or the power plug all Random? If the services must think that too many interests and service can not be the beginning of our lives and work environment. "Imagine that the United States by highway. Millions of cars, buses and trucks, our driving force. our own backyards and parking areas where possible. The brave few forays with dirt, uncharted. Challenges, and corruption street filled with scary bad . 7 analogy Parking Figure 1.1 shows the current data processing environment, most organizations. . Simple and transparent Find and use information on the local network. (LAN), but data on the LAN can not access other close End users access corporate data is often unavailable except as set forth. Although data from PC computer. – Mainframes to many powerful and flexible and widely used remains in isolation. When they communicate. They usually do not pass the. arcane and any information with many faces. As shown in Figure 1.2 can use the text. Painting, music, spoken form, the share price. Invoice software live video and other organizations. No information on a computer has become the order set deceptively and center of the object model. Infrastructure must be flexible in the way they transport and zero In addition to a truly binary path to the destination of these infrastructures must be able to perform binary. With different degrees of speed, accuracy and security to support the ability of computers and different needs.
Because computers are manufactured and sold by sellers with different views. The most effective technology is the concept of working together not in use. Transport people and centers around But flexible. Not enough computers based on different technologies. Can not understand each other and have zero understanding than foreign languages. We need to raise a set of organizations that share extensive common understanding our Convention, the Convention will also need ideas to make life easier for men than for government computers. Final structure will be truly helpful with. "Common server" computer that has a few basic information like services much like the white pages and yellow computer
Process of technological innovation. The progress that challenges the human mind to understand how to take advantage of the ability of Electronic data management technology innovation in personal computers, high-speed electronics. Communications and digital data encryption opportunities to add new services at lower prices. Personal computers can provide services directly to people with little computer. They experience a low-cost, high-performance machine tools, visit the individual lives or access information regardless of the physical Stored communications standard user interface and data access. intercrosses was set for personal computers and is approved by a majority of the manufacturing community. Have reason to accept answers that do not comply with standards unacceptable. Most large organizations today use a different storage hardware, software and connectivity technology. There is a significant strength increases in the use of technology from multiple manufacturers. This trend will lead to very different environments for users and system developers. Users interested in running the business, not technology. Developers not interested in technology than a subset. Concept of a single system image, you can tell that create System that provides transparency of the technology platform for users and As the largest as far as possible to develop Developers must have sufficient knowledge of grammar Used to solve business problems. But it will be little or no knowledge about the underlying technology infrastructure. Hardware platform, operating system, database and communications tool. Protocol is a component of the technology necessary to solve any computer problem. But they should provide -. Not create obstacles in the work. Service should be deceived; They should be provided in a manner that is natural with no need to provide. weird gyrations to call them. The only shelter and services are connected using standard can we hope to develop Systems quickly and economically. At the same time cover (called. encapsulation. In object-oriented programming). Standard interface and maintain the ability to change the reference technology. Without affecting the application of value. Limited imagination when you create a system architecture Development is not art; Engineering is a discipline that can be learned. And the system can be built on the foundation set by previous projects.
Single system image environment where users are business systems that do not know all the stored data. How to run client and server computing, and what networks are involved in driving connection. All user access to programs that were "look. Help provide the same by all. Errors are presented and edited in the same way by all. Access is through the process of security standards for all programs. Each user has. Access all the services he or she needs and rights of access.
• safety class will not be seen with, and does not accept any authority without permission.
Navigation • the functionality and applications to create the same in all systems. You can add a new program with training in as little as one standard page. Procedures and specific business functions to a new learning Does not need to "boot camp for basic training" before using each new program. Basic training is a one-time effort because Basis does not change.
Complexity of different computer platforms will allow multiple connections at both the logical and physical. The evolution of enterprise platforms. Other industries such as changes in the new technology cost effective innovation and acquisitions and mergers Setup other platforms. All these advances will require. The complexity and risk when you try to work with the technology from manufacturers, many more. The need of "proven concept" test to distinguish versions of the product to market. And architecture of E generation. Many organizations use the concept laboratory test called the Technology Development Center staff to make evidence "of the concept TCC concept to local small. All forms of technology involved in a single system image potential collaborators. Installation of proposed solutions. TCC is a low-cost means of solving the confidence that work. These laboratories provide quick installation of the proposed solutions in an environment proof They do not need to set the default of all elements necessary to support some specific new Application Merrill Lynch – Corporate Health Canada home SHL System BSG Corporation, Microsoft, and many others. The laboratory used to verify the consciousness of new technology. Rapid changes in technology such that resources can be used to check new products. Single system image can be done best through customers. server / .. our experience. Verify that the server is a computer program for corporate desktop. Because PC is the view of users in an organization does not guarantee the better one. Image than to start the desktop. But it often seems as if the number of the requirements of customers depending on computer servers agencies explore whether your hardware. And a host of software. IS integrators or individual is interested in the meaning of the goods or services that are essential elements. Throughout this book the following. Meaning is used consistently. .
• Client: The client is the only network to offer services and connect the appropriate computer. And database services and connectivity-related business needs.
• Server: the server is one or multiple processors and memory to calculate the shared connection and database Services and connections related to business needs.
Client server computer environment that is favorable to business by using the appropriate allocation. Client and server processors. Customer service page from the server; Server request and return to customers. Mechanism of communication is through text. Communication interposes (IPC) to help. (But do not), location and distribution customers. process server Client / server software is not the computer. Hardware requirements definition enables customers. / Server model is quite general and suitable to what is known in the industry processing cooperative "or" peer. – To – peer. Because the client server environment is a normal Different platforms, hardware and operating systems of client and server will be different. In such cases, the communication mechanism may be through the extension set A set of standard applications. interfaces (APIs) and long-distance calls. Diagram instead of the modern customer is the first server may be popular by Sybase Figure 1.4 shows visual system, one Customers who use the network based desktop computers for all needs. All that it works on the desktop or use more than one server. – Are they effective or not related to mainframe computers. Customer Effective depth computer server platforms. Users of the program they want to have a business; Computing platform to access business functions, this There is no benefit to risk much to reveal the user's platform. Changes in the underlying platforms and technologies. Should be transparent to the user. Training costs of business processing delays and errors frustrated employees and current employees of the confusion arising from changes in the environment. Users are sensitive technology platform.
Shows that the system easily with transparency to create technology for all users with the highest probability. Back to continued strong investment technology. The same which shows that if developers realize Platform Development Goals be bound platform. Developers can use Technical and grammatical features found only in the specific development platform. Development of tools that separate the single platform which improves transparency in writing. Jobs portable equipment will be available for each of the three key elements of any application to access data processing and access interfaces, including graphical user. Data interface (GUI) and stored using. Processing the business logic. Connectivity services associated with other programs. This simple model shown in Fig. 1.5 should be kept in mind. The following evolution for client server computer. Use technology to a separate development program. This layer separation characteristics of each technology. Floor level from above and below This layering is fundamental in the development program as a customer. / Server rapid rate of change of these technologies, and lack of experience. The "best solution" to the technology we have to separate from one another. This book will continue to emphasize and expand the concept of environment and development. (SDE) is a way to achieve this separation. Development tools that show by far the most Most developers only need to know the syntax of these tools show business problems in a format acceptable. Technology platform. The increased participation of นัก. minicomputer technology and equipment are applied separately to the more important technology. Very little – perhaps not the corporate application development staff need to know hardware, software, database and communication tools specific to a particular product or specific. Presentation Product Service. These will run through the text. Through APIs and built by some tools or technical specialist. As you can see in Chapter 6 of programming. Architecture, technical architecture and support environment and development is key to achieve platform independence and ultimately successful client development. / Server use.
Is an organization that increased their production of personal equipment is widely installed workstation. To protect property. desktop to the terminal to the host. By a single workstation. And lo power of workstations that are not. tapped and migrates to the desktop when most users have a connection from the client computer. desktop support and information to the host mainframe or minicomputer with significant benefits in cost. offloading these powerful workstations. The first application is likely. Data capture and edit them easily. – But still expects the transaction using existing space. If the file is the actual application. Reengineering of business processes that are necessary Functions of accounting and customer service program several offloaded easily in this manner. Therefore, the workgroup and the department. In a LAN, the participating host organizations for large data and enforce business rules. interdepartmental. In this "terminal" dumb (IBM used euphemism nonprogrammable to describe devices 327x). Environmental programs are in the logical model. minicomputer, mainframe, or workstation. Clear workstation. desktop $ 5000 or less can be more Text to display in the terminal $ 500, a server processing power of low-cost workstations to replace the host and application logic is divided. Appropriate platform. As stated earlier, distribution operation and information transparency to users and application developers.
Using a mainframe-centric presentation. The ability of networks to front. – End of the program. The interface is. remapped by products such as stand and Mozart same information is displayed or accessed using The drop down list fields, check boxes and buttons; User interface easy to use and provide information more clearly. In a mainframe-centric nature of mainframe applications. Continue to run unmodified as terminal data stream is processed by the communications workstation. – Based API is protecting investments in existing applications while improving performance. And reduced usage mode driven screen mode trying to block a lot of information as possible to reduce transmission to complete Mute function, the building no. Limited user interface including fixed field length list length constant display one or congestion. Limited text and graphics and text unlimited Icons and Windowing limited for many programs display. In addition, a permanent image of the screen that makes it difficult to support the conditional information. In contrast workstation. GUI makes it easy to create a dynamic display. This allows the screen to create the model parameters according to the data values of specific fields. Variable-length field to move a field and a list of the number of rows to scroll. This allows a larger virtual screen to be used with additional information. no communication between the customer network. Windowing and servers can be used to help extract information such as text entry and the correct error message without the original contents of the screen. Very strong in the GUI of workstation users to easily navigate around the screen. More information can be wrapped with a different color display graphics, fonts, icons, scrolling list. Drop-down lists and option boxes. List of options that can allow users to choose the value of your fast. You can help by using the context and position the cursor down one. List amenities. Although limited to client / server computing capabilities to the front. GUI for existing frequent client. Home / Application Server as used by organizations familiar with the mainframe host and terminal – dumb GUI guidelines keep existing investments, while the benefits of ease of use about GUI possibilities for significant change and complete the function, the user interface without changing the host.
Logical next step is to make some editing and logic to run at Desktop workstation is more logical to increase without any change in the host and the host may reduce the list by sending the correct value items only. Changed the least. To the host of the network is reduced and can improve performance by using the workstation is encrypted stream of data in compressed form. More interactive. User interface can provide a built-in contextual help. And prompt and comprehensive user interface that is important in users' expertise These options can be added through Using the power of a workstation. These capabilities allow users with existing systems and may have fewer training opportunities, access to public usage. Exchange information electronically. (EDI) is an example of the end of this process. EDI enables organizations to communicate electronically with suppliers or customers. Frequently these systems. The front end to manage the network links. EDI, but still work with existing programs to end the patronage system. Messages are reformatted and acceptance by client management. EDI, but the application is done using the existing server. Productivity may be increased significantly by collecting information sources and enable all the power. Typically, if the employer form Data for the multipart form data into multiple systems. Collect this information to a server on the client and server programs. reusing data for applications programs to reduce errors and lower costs for data entry speed of access to this information.
There is a delay while the form is not passed around. Organization is usually a better technique to imaging technology in a format that will create and distribute within the organization. The use of technology and workflow management. Techniques in conjunction with imaging technology as an effective way of managing the process when the form was filled in by the body that are far away from this organization. Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR) technology can be a very effective way to automatically collect data from forms without key Current experience with this technique shows a more accurate rate. 99.5 percent for the print format and more percent. 98.5 for handwritten forms.
Rightsizing and rationalizing. The strategy used for server customers to take advantage. Low cost of workstation technology. Rightsizing and upsizing may involve the addition of diversity, or more efficient computing resources to enterprise computing. The benefits of rightsizing can reduce costs and And / or work performance and flexibility of use of the organization. Significant cost savings will result. Reducing staff cost hardware and software maintenance. Saving more often arise from optimizing your community by using technology. client / server eliminate the middle class power management represents the first level of management with decision-makers to work all Desktop to the data by computer networks and workstations. Combined with the existing area. (Such as mainframe and mini computers). Programs necessary to facilitate the empowerment of this These desktop host – house system integration of the information required. Decisions quickly. Workstations can be effective. desktop access to information as part of normal business practices. Architects and developers must work closely with the business. The decision of the manufacturer to ensure that new programs and systems are designed to include the business processes effectively. Very good result in the return of technology investments owned by. Lack of understanding by designers of the business impact of day to day their solutions. Downsizing information systems rather than trying to use technology workstations are replaced. Existing mainframe and using minicomputers. Although some benefit by this method will benefit more by adjusting the business processes really dismantle the ability of Desktop environment, efficient solutions when they see the actual user to add value to business processes. Client server technology / low cost using standard hardware. Will drive downsizing Client / server computing desktop the user organization '. We move from generation to generation computer center of the computer workgroup of the workstation. desktop is empowering business users to restore ownership of his or her information resources. Client / server computing and the best antique and new multi-user access to trusted information sharing and Resources with simple desktop workstation performance.
In view of the above shows that the object concept development. embodied in the organization created for the SDE. Architecture of a set of tools. SDE to develop more efficient and maintenance than Companies with experience in ways. host – based Traditional Client server computer. You can open the computer. Cool as a rule development tools and development environments will be built on openness and standards in mind. Mainframe applications have not downsized – no. Edit to workstation environment. Can be adjusted using a small tool that conflict with existing port mainframe. source code or write new programs larger conflict. Using completely new. In porting, compilers COBOL native file system operation and emulators for DB2, IMS DB / DC and CICS can be written in a workstations. wide array tool since PowerBuilder, Visual Basic, and Access to large equipment such as Forte and Dynasty has added Micro Focus Object Oriented (OO). The option to customize the. To facilitate the building reusable components. OO option supports integration with programs under development. Smalltalk / V PM of IBM CICS for OS / 2, OS400, RS6000, and HP / UX product. Enables developers to port applications directly Standard CICS call interfaces from mainframe to workstation. These programs can run under OS / 2, AIX, OS400, HP / UX, or MVS / license without modification. Promise to enable developers to create jobs in the operating environment. CICS MVS and then give them enough of these different environments. Without any modification. Contrast, the program can design and create the environment and ported after the MVS (if this is the reason to move). Envisioning organizations such as migration should ensure that SDE combines a standard line for these platforms.
These products are back in the economic process on the workstation to workstation. Local Area Network for the expansion and maintenance of the existing environment. processors host the corporate mainframe or minicomputer views resources as real coins developers may Updated offloading development in three to six months. Explorers can take effect only when the appropriate conditions for development will add to the proposed location and set of tools. Plus the ability to connect to host. Workstation operating system is still based more than MVS host server is located. VMS or UNIX operating system is appropriate. Standards and procedures must be put in place to coordinate joint development. Workstation environment will change. Particular project and create a standard way to be flexible enough Continue to work in a new environment.
Reserves come from new projects to create value that can be ideal to start and use the environment. LAN network retrofit all possible environmental standards and creating a workstation environment maintenance. LAN – based less useful because it creates a certain standard of walking. Costs but these costs are appropriate when the application is scheduled to receive maintenance significantly, or if application is very important and the desire to reduce errors created. Of change. Discipline related to the movement. client / server – based development and code transfer between host and client server means to make better Testing and fewer errors. Testing and deployment of workstation and enables developers to test and more efficient so correct Business communications database. Programs and services. In an ideal world, we select the best server available, these allow our organization to maximize the current technology. Develop real world 'compromises. To accommodate the existing technology in existing products to investment products, training support and other factors. Many keys to success. Full client / server, select the appropriate application and technical architecture for the organization. Once the technical architecture of the tool is known.
Last step is to achieve SDE to categorize the main tool in reality. SDE is a standard set of hardware, software, standard method. Interface and training designed to accommodate the specific needs of the organization. Many development projects not because they think that those who have boxes full of carpenter. As a tool to build.
In view of the above shows that to be successful, planning must be trained to a standard Setting standards to define interfaces for sewage water, electricity utilities. Streets, schools, and communities is essential for creating value. We do not expect a carpenter to design individual buildings such as the connection each. Quite busy discourages imagination in this regard. By reusing a previous version of this success included. We benefit from lower costs and risk. Sufficient to indicate that the introduction of all new object-oriented technology as tools for client / server development needs appropriate Standards can be put in public to support the development reused. code, interfaces with existing security management organization, standard errors and "stare and think. As with new technology or be changed. Developers can create systems linked closely with current technology or use SDE and promote the use can perform with expertise. Podium