Contractor Proposal Format
Contractor Proposal Format
The Audit Process
The Audit Process
Four Distinctive Phases:
1. Planning
An announcement letter is sent to the department/unit informing them of the audit project. This letter will provide details on the timeframe and the name of the managing auditor and auditing team assigned to the project.
The managing auditor will interview key personnel in the department to learn more about the operations.
The Objectives and Scope Document is prepared and presented to management as a contract for the work to be performed. This document will outline the objectives and parameters of the audit project.
2. Field Work
Auditors schedule times to interview individuals responsible for maintaining and preparing financial and operational reports.
Analytical audit techniques are used to test, analyze, interpret and corroborate documentation of controls.
Regular update meetings are scheduled during field work to communicate progress to date and to discuss potential findings.
3. Communication of Results
The distribution list for the audit report is included on the Objective and Scope Document Report. University Audits are confidential and go only to those people who need to know.
The results of the draft audit, findings and recommendations, are submitted to management for discussion in draft report at an “exit meeting”. A 10-day comment period is used by the auditors to allow the department to respond in writing to facts and recommended actions in the report.
The final report goes to the managers of the area, their supervisors and for school related reports, to the Financial Dean of the school. In addition, the Vice President of Finance and the Partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers, LLP assigned to the University account receives the report.
4. Follow Up
Significant issues in a final audit report could warrant a Post Audit Review (PAR) at a later date.
Post Audit Reviews are usually conducted within 18 months of the full audit and the results are published in a written report.
Types of Audits and Reviews:
- Financial Audit
A historically oriented, independent evaluation performed for the purpose of attesting to the fairness, accuracy, and reliability of financial data. CSULB’s external auditors, KPMG, perform this type of review. CSULB’s Director of Financial Reporting coordinates the work of these auditors on our campus.
- Operational Audit
A future-oriented, systematic, and independent evaluation of organizational activities. Financial data may be used, but the primary sources of evidence are the operational policies and achievements related to organizational objectives. Internal controls and efficiencies may be evaluated during this type of review.
- Department Review
A current period analysis of administrative functions, to evaluate the adequacy of controls, safeguarding of assets, efficient use of resources, compliance with related laws, regulations and University policy and integrity of financial information.
- Information Systems (IS) Audit
There are three basic kinds of IS Audits that may be performed:
- General Controls Review
A review of the controls which govern the development, operation, maintenance, and security of application systems in a particular environment. This type of audit might involve reviewing a data center, an operating system, a security software tool, or processes and procedures (such as the procedure for controlling production program changes), etc.
- Application Controls Review
A review of controls for a specific application system. This would involve an examination of the controls over the input, processing, and output of system data. Data communications issues, program and data security, system change control, and data quality issues are also considered.
- System Development Review
A review of the development of a new application system. This involves an evaluation of the development process as well as the product. Consideration is also given to the general controls over a new application, particularly if a new operating environment or technical platform will be used.
- Integrated Audit
This is a combination of an operational audit, department review, and IS audit application controls review. This type of review allows for a very comprehensive examination of a functional operation within the University.
- Investigative Audit
This is an audit that takes place as a result of a report of unusual or suspicious activity on the part of an individual or a department. It is usually focused on specific aspects of the work of a department or individual. All members of the campus community are invited to report suspicions of improper activity to the Director of Internal Auditing Services on a confidential basis. Her direct number is 985-2547.
- Follow-up Audit
These are audits conducted approximately six months after an internal or external audit report has been issued. They are designed to evaluate corrective action that has been taken on the audit issues reported in the original report. When these follow-up audits are done on external auditors’ reports, the results of the follow-up may be reported to those external auditors.
Ø Performance Audits
Performance audits, which include economy and efficiency and program audits, are designed to provide an independent assessment of the performance of a governmental entity, program, activity, or function to improve public accountability and to facilitate decision making by parties responsible for overseeing or initiating corrective action.
Project Turn over Audit Questionnaire Sample Format:
Project Turn Over Auditing Questionnaire
Question #
Possible Score
Question
Project Management
1
3
Does the proposal clearly cover the scope of work (deliverables quantified, basis of estimate identified) [ISO 9001:2000 7.2.1, 7.2.2]
2
3
Does the proposal list all deliverables based on the scope of work and associated client specifications [ISO 9001:2000 7.2.1, 7.2.3]
3
3
Are safety requirements identified in the proposal or in the contract. [ISO 9001:2000 7.1]
4
1
Is there a protocol for hand-over of the project from Sales to operations? [ISO 9001:2000 7.1, 7.2]
5
1
Does the PO reflect an identifiable set of the billing milestones/pricing.
6
3
Was the booking Percentage Of Completion (PoC) document completed properly reflecting the actual contract?
7
1
Does PM understand what he/she to committing to when signing off on the PoC?
8
3
Did the proposal / contract specify a change management process?
9
3
Did the proposal / contract have specific acceptance criteria?
10
3
Does the proposal describe the scope of work, can you tell what is to be done ? [ISO 9001:2000 7.2.1, 7.2.2]
11
3
Was the proposal responsive to the clients requirements? [ISO 9001:2000 7.2.1, 7.2.2]
12
1
Is there evidence that the Request for quotation of unreleased product followed? [ISO 9001:2000 7.2.2, 7.2.3]
13
3
If the proposal is offering new/unreleased products is there evidence that the proposed solution was reviewed by technically qualified personnel? [ISO 9001:2000 7.3.1, 7.3.4]
14
3
Did the proposal include a list of items or activities that are not included (not handling of hazardous material, disposal of material, etc.)
15
1
If there were commercial or contractual issues was Commercial Manaer or Contracts manager, being involved in resolution issues prior commencing of the kick-off meeting.
16
1
Does the PO/Contract cite the Proposal as the basis for the scope of work
Total Raw
Question #
Possible Score
Question
Project Controls
1
3
Does the proposal/ contract identify measurement and controls requirements? [ISO 9001:2000 7.1, 7.2.3]
2
3
Does the proposal / contract identify project reporting requirements? [ISO 9001:2000 7.1, 7.2.3]
3
3
Was estimating tool with quantified deliverables used for the estimate? [ISO 9001:2000 7.1, 7.2.1, 7.2.3]
4
3
Does the estimate reflect the work and deliverables that are defined by the proposal? [ISO 9001:2000 7.1, 7.2.1, 7.2.2]
5
3
Does the estimate package include a comprehensive list of third party materials and/or sub-contracts? [ISO 9001:2000 7.2.1, 7.2.2]
6
3
Were the third party material quotes used in the estimate as the cost basis?
7
3
Does the estimate package include the vendor and/or subcontractor quotes?
8
1
Were there any specific logistic/transportation issues and were they costed in the estimate? (Could include vehicle access / weight restrictions to job site)
9
1
Does the PO/Contract cite the Proposal as the basis for the scope of work
10
3
Has the project been estimated consistent with the Technical and commercial aspects of the contract
11
1
Did the proposal include new product/Software releases were they identified in the PoC? [ISO 9001:2000 7.2.2]
12
1
Did the project team review the management and engineering estimate after receiving booking package?
13
3
Are extended warranty provisions in the original PoC submission?
14
1
Are all pricing requirements available (i.e. material mark-ups, discounts, labor rates, sub-contract mark-ups, allowances vs. unit, Transportation &Logistics & freight)
15
0
0
Total Raw
Question #
Possible Score
Question
Finance
1
3
Does the booking package reflect the proposal, estimate, margin, Revenue and Cost
2
1
Was transfer price costed properly in the PoC? (validate mark up rate)
3
1
If there are special billing requirements is the project team aware of them??
4
3
Are the billing events clearly defined.
5
3
If the contract allows any rights for the customer to audit is the project team aware of them?
6
3
Is there evidence that cost assumptions related to proposal being clearly defined and quantified?
7
3
Does the initial budget have sufficient reserve for warranty, both standard and extended?
8
3
Are risk and opportunities clearly defined and quantified in PoC?
9
1
Before submitting the proposal, did it go through proper approval process? (PoC)
10
1
Did finance approve special billing arrangement if there is any?
11
3
Was Supply Management involved in the estimating process per policy relative to third party content?
12
1
Are client preferred or sole source vendors identified and were third party estimates based on the use of those vendors
Total Raw
# of Questions
Scores by Discipline
PM
PCO
Finance
Health, Safety and Environment Questionnaire Sample Format:
HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT QUESTIONNAIRE
Question #
Possible Score
Question
Project Management
1
3
Is there evidence that Safety is an integral part of the management of the project? [ISO 9001:2000 6.4]
2
3
Is there evidence that HSE reviewed the safety records of any sub-contractors.
3
1
Have the requirements for project safety been identified and passed on to sub-contractors
4
1
Are employees aware that there is an occupational health and safety policy authorized by management that clearly states overall health and safety objectives and a commitment to improving health and safety performance?
5
1
Are there processes for the ongoing identification of hazards, the implementation of necessary control measures?
6
1
Has the project documented occupational health and safety objectives and is the project on plan to meet these goals ?
7
1
Are the project team members aware what their responsibilities are for safety on the project?
8
3
How has the project manager assessed whether all personnel are competent to perform tasks that may impact
HSE on the project ?
9
1
Are there processes for ensuring that pertinent HSE information is communicated to and from employees, the client, subcontractors and other interested parties?
10
1
Does the project maintain a site-specific safety plan ?
11
1
Has the project established an emergency preparedness plan?
12
3
Are the processes being followed for assessing safety and hazards?
13
3
Does the project’s management review the HSE system to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness? (Is there evidence of a process to regularly review the HSE policy and determine if the project’s policy is in alignment with current HSE requirements?)
14
3
Were all project team members instructed on Safety? [ISO 9001:2000 6.2.2]
15
3
Was the audit team given a facility orientation without having to ask for one?
16
3
Is there evidence that personnel in the facility are aware of the Near Miss Reporting process? (Do they know where / when and how to report a near miss?)
17
1
Does the project team report safety metrics?
18
1
Are all team members aware of Corporate Safety Policy including numbers to call to report near misses and accidents?
Total Raw
Scores by Discipline
PM
PCO
Finance
Setup and planning Questionnaire Sample Format:
SET UP AND PLANNING QUESTIONNAIRE
Question #
Possible Score
Question
Project Management
1
3
Is a quality plan available for the project? [ISO 9001:2000 7.1]
2
3
Does the Issues/Actions log assign ownership, & dates for open, deadline closure [ISO 9001:2000 7.2.3, 8.5.2, 8.5.3]
3
3
Is there evidence that Issues/Actions have been communicated to client [ISO 9001:2000 7.2.3, 7.3.4, 7.5.4]
4
3
Are the Roles & Responsibilities matrix published and communicated [ISO 9001:2000 7.1]
5
1
Is there a Project Execution Plan for the project?
6
3
Are the appropriate Tools, methods and standards identified in the project plans? [ISO 9001:2000 7.1, 7.2. 1]
7
3
Does the Project Execution Plan describe how the project will be executed [ISO 9001:2000 7.1, 7.3]
8
3
Does the Project Execution Plan include sections addressing Safety, Procurement, Resources, Communications, Roles and Responsibilities, Quality Control, Project Control, Scheduling? [ISO 9001:2000 6.1, 6.2.1, 6.3, 7.1, 7.2.1, 7.2.3]
9
3
Is there evidence that project team reviewed the scope relative to the proposal.
10
3
Does the Project Plan identify where documents and files are to be stored?
11
1
Is there a resource plan for the project?
12
3
Has the Resource Plan been reviewed with functional management [ISO 9001:2000 7.1]
13
3
Have resource skills been appropriately identified? [ISO 9001:2000 7.1]
14
3
Has the PM assigned to the project the required technical and commercial skills ? [ISO 9001:2000 7.1]
15
1
Is there an organization chart for the project?
16
3
Is there a logic driven schedule for the project?
17
3
Is there evidence that the project team uses the schedule as a control tool that is reviewed [ISO 9001:2000 7.1]
18
1
Have sub-contracts been reviewed by Contract Management
19
1
Is Supply Mgt. involved in the set up and planning for projects with 3rd Party/subcontract content?
20
3
Is there a procurement plan?
21
1
Is there evidence that contract Ts&Cs been provided to Supply Mgt.?
22
3
Do the project team members know where to find the Quality Manual, and policies and read them ? [ISO 9001:2000 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.3]
23
3
Have lessons learned from other related projects been considered in the engineering plan? [ISO 9001:2000 7.3.2]
24
3
Has the Contract Summary been completed?
25
3
Is there evidence of acceptance criteria being communicated and agree with the client.
26
1
Has an evaluation taken place for increase of remote eng content and reduce cost of engineering prior to project start? [ISO 9001:2000 6.2, 7.1]
27
1
Is the schedule based on deliverables?
28
3
Does the schedule include sub-contractor activities?
Total Raw
Question #
Possible Score
Question
Project Controls
1
3
Does the project plan include customer driven Project requirements? (i.e. monthly reports, schedule, etc…)
2
3
Does Project team exhibit an understanding of the scope of work?
3
3
Does Project team exhibit an understanding of the customer PO/Contract?
4
3
Does the resource plan identify resource PoCs within the project plan?
5
3
Is the Resource Plan and Schedule in sync? [ISO 9001:2000 7.1]
6
3
Does the schedule include customer inputs required for completion of Corporate deliverables? [ISO 9001:2000 7.1, 7.2.2, 7.2.3]
7
3
Has the project schedule been reviewed and approved by customer?
8
1
Are supplier lead times incorporated into the schedule.
9
3
Does the Project log reflect review of the reviewed estimate, the baseline in the financial system and the engineering plan [ISO 9001:2000 7.1]
10
1
Even if the project has not been through the first monthly review, are the Executive Summary and Project Summary Info tabs completed in the PoC?
11
1
Is the Invoice Plan consistent with Contract Requirements
12
3
Has the project createda deliverable control matrix consistent with the proposal/contract?
13
3
Does the internal engineering plan require information to control the engineering activities? (e.g.. Scope, hours, input/output documentation, schedule, quality/hse requirements, eng. skills etc.) [ISO 9001:2000 7.1, 7.3]
14
3
Are reviews planned and identified on schedule?
15
1
Do the original Factory Order & FAT dates match the schedule?
16
3
Is there a task code chargeability matrix for the team members?
17
3
Are there records that the Forecast Resource Plan been communicated to the functional organization? [ISO 9001:2000 7.1]
18
3
Does the project track progress against the scope of work quoted?
19
3
Does the project team demonstrate knowledge of the key commercial (consequential damages, dispute resolution, liquidated damages, performance guaranty, warranty requirements) aspects of the contract.
20
3
Has project looked for possible cost saving opportunities by utilizing affiliate labour?
21
1
Does the project make use of project storage by knowledge and solution binders [ISO 9001:2000 7.3.2]
22
1
Does the project team demonstrate knowledge of warranty and/or extended warranty for the contract?
23
3
Is the time associated with design execution in line with the schedule? [ISO 9001:2000 7.2.1, 7.2.2]
24
1
Did invoice milestones change from original proposal/estimate milestones after kick-off meeting?
25
3
Have hardware and software design freeze dates been identified in the schedule?
Total Raw
Question #
Possible Score
Question
Finance
1
3
Does PoC match for original booking and current?
2
3
Are the billing events in the financial system consistent with the project schedule?
3
3
Is the client paying according to the Terms &Conditions of the contract?
4
3
Do cost budget and revenue in financial system match with approved booking PoC?
5
3
Does PoC revenue in financial system match with customer PO?
6
3
Does warranty requirement flow down to suppliers?
7
3
Do other Terms and Conditions(T&Cs) that have financial implication flow down to suppliers?
8
1
Have 3rd Party resource requirements, timing and skills been communicated to Supply Mgt.?
Total Raw
# of Questions
Scores by Discipline
PM
PCO
Finance
Construction Project Proposal Format
Construction Project Proposal Format
Technology Survey is a company asset.
Fact that we live in a spot of deep changes in technology and applications. Any institution in which we expect to receive from investments in technology. The "era famine Post calculations, user-friendly of the authority does not monitor the costs. Technology platform has become a secondary factor in choosing between alternative solutions to create business and such factors. constraining effect of Reengineering business management. Process and the costs and time to develop. Also need to re-staff the compulsory level of expertise can be very expensive project. Open systems enable organizations to purchase solutions. off – the – shelf business problems open standard designed to isolate data switching systems and remote access service has attracted. Has received an open system architecture supports a system that is built on the technology component. These standards are helping us.
• To create a library for reuse in object-oriented design and development environment.
• To create products that interact with the same information at work. bedded and bedded in the object is complete.
• To edit the message as a workstation. desktop personal information is to include graphics and add a personal word processor. Spreadsheets, database, workgroup and projects related to existing hosting powered by e-mail that some of the world.
Is worth mentioning the opposition's claims. Many groups from the user base Software Open. Association recommend solutions enable open systems not only system that meets requirements. OSF UNIX client / server model enables organizations to the table. Provides access to information architecture, not before. Standard set for server customers. figuring if these principles are understood. And the community can reasonably expect to buy solutions today that can grow their business without the constant need to improve Open systems architecture standards. Can perform global world system is a benchmark for large organizations. While supporting the platform in the world is far from certain is the standard. Easy desktop organization and success of different workgroup applications and personal With the powerful technology in line to open Standard developed rapidly For example, object-oriented development. Relationship oriented and multimedia databases. Images, expert systems, geographic information systems. Recognition and voice response and voice message management. These technologies have the opportunity to be included. generic capabilities to specific business needs for Create effective business solutions and personal. Customers to match the server platform that enables integration of these technologies. Both standards use the connection. Manufacturer of products including a number of ways to exercise. Enterprise systems are created and shared information resources for Companies and they do not mean the development and control center. But will treat it as a resource and information technology company. Network management organization must use all equipment and use in the organization. Computer system that can see and management. This remains a significant challenge to organizations dispersal Standard setting and are conducted within the client server. A Client / server applications to life to create more energy than people in the organization spread to the center of the area today.
Customers access to social And people who are ready and able to compete in world markets and not to deny the fact that global economic competition is obsolete and confusing to those who can not or Does not want competition. Organizations will be looking for a way to show the value We are in Bearing in mind the conclusion that the active structure with new ideas based on existing management and commerce. To bring into action. Organization that aggressively downsizing, even as they try to expand the revenue base of them seriously. Are more willing to improve and the program. To reduce duplication and increase efficiency. Organization will become market-driven while remaining true vision for the business. Will compete in the global economy as corporate development. Economic need to use technology to increase efficiency needed to offset higher labor costs. Reengineering of business processes and provide decision support at point Contact with customers reduces the need for layers of management decisions and better meet the increased customer service. Means knowledge empowerment and responsibility have To the point of customer contact employees. Empowerment to provide goods and services, problems and opportunities are identified and ends. Client server computer that are most effective. Source tool that allows employees to power and responsibility. The following are key drivers in the organization's policy philosophy and practices. Competition forces organizations. To find new ways to manage their business, although few people. outsourcing, market trends and consumer driven out of date quickly. Technology is enabler of the organization. Agility to survive and succeed in the global trade barriers that disabled organizations to look for partners and processes that are not inhibited by artificial borders. Quality cost difference of products and services are important new market. Our information systems to support these important.
Competition, organizations need information systems. Adjustment costs and to see how the questions are in business to existing investors and the like. Centralized IS operations, particularly under the microscope The product obsolescence never focused one factor. Buy more options and greater demand. Technology to enable organizations to meet the needs and expectations accordingly. Quality and flexibility. Must be decided by people in contact with customers. Removed several layers of corporate middle management. Technology must provide the necessary information and support. This new structure. If the business can work from a place of technology available to support these agencies must be trusted to the existing central system. Remote management technology. Technology is essential in the distribution of scarce expertise appropriately and to reduce costs. Each person must have access to all the information he or she needs and right for Access regardless of where the store is set or is located. We can use this technology to make this "single system image" of the information desk in what technology. Used to create it. Standard manufacturers have introduced new And costs decreased significantly. Innovative racing. Enterprise architecture must take advantage of the cost. Workstations Desktop offers as it appears now that the energy and the mainframe. mainframes are just a few years ago. The challenge is to implement energy efficiency and the ability to create Solving real business problems. Downsizing and empowerment require a workgroup have access to information and collaboration. The decision was made in the workplace is not the head. Office of Standards and new technologies allow users to access and workstations regardless of their location. Remote network management allows professionals to support and central Reliability of systems such as distributed systems. Distribution system, but not transparent The access network is often a set of challenges; Therefore, the existing. Network is not enough. Retooling to network infrastructure to support existing access new environment.
Standards for new vendors enter the market. Common platform to target all markets to all products with potential customers. A high rate of referral is something that organizations must deal with. Many specialized manufacturers committed to standard technology environment, many different manufacturers effectively serve buyers. Power Workstation, Group empowerment. Storage investments existing remote network management and business marketing to drive customers to create demand for computer servers. Technology is here; What is missing. Have the expertise to use it effectively. Corporate pressure to demonstrate the many uses of the information system does work. Any other component or operation of business units. This is a special challenge because most organizations do not have any prior experience. Limited financial strength and they are not measuring success by the same yardstick for business reasons. " The other units of value creation within the enterprise. IS not under a microscope to identify the role it played a real added value to the organization as a whole. The world organization. Can not see the value as a framework or will be outsourced survey found that approximately 1000 companies on average pay 90 percent of the coins are still in existing. Core business interests. But only from the "A" new Drama in reducing cost technology helps adjust several Organizations adapt more quickly than he. Competitors demonstrates the value and market leadership of Add to price products and services at these organizations "before the market It is a commodity. They attract only commodity prices. This is true of all businesses that want to compete in the marketplace with products and services to display the organization's internal. Government department or their own. "It only took God seven days to create a global environment because it does not have an existing handle. . 3 billion invested in the company. Computing infrastructure and training. This investment must be fully Customer success. / Server solution works with existing and gradually moved to the new platform. And business models.
To achieve the goal of the year. 1990 Corporate downsizing and the elimination of middle management positions. He wants to transfer responsibility to the nearest authorized person. Customer decisions. History of the computer system has the burden of data collection and maintenance of the running line page. However, husbanded information in headquarters To support the decision by central management. Data must be defined in the create and maintainers by providing connectivity and distributed database management organization And client server computer applications technology to support the movement of data processing to create and direct the user data Traditional OLTP applications have. The financial, insurance and sales of government-related organizations. These programs look for platforms that require high reliability to ensure that transaction. Accurate management information is not lost and turnaround time is very low and only those authorized can access the program. OLTP is understood in traditional industries. Mainframe-centric platform. But not distributed in a client / server platform. Organizations do (and will continue to) rely on technology to drive business. Is not much industry. Understand how to build mission-critical customer applications. / Server platform. The organization moved to the empowerment of employees and computer. Desktop become an important technology. Elements of the business. Client / server applications and platforms must provide mainframe class reliability. Executive information systems provide a single screen view, how we're doing good. " By comparing the mass of detail contained in the current and historical database. Companies with information from external sources about the economy and competition. The organization into a company With their customers and partners need to work with external systems is important to capture information required for EIS performance. Organizations need. EIS will use information in strategic decision making. DSS should provide "what if analysis" projects the effect of these decisions. Managing the expectations and the ability to process within Create alerts to decide when the truth does not comply. This is a DSS client version / server. The key information resources of the organization. Be truly effective organization. The data sources and distribute under the terms of the needs and rights of access "throughout the organization. Group will select as the best platform. Needs and these platforms must integrate to support enterprise solutions. Systems built around open systems standards necessary for effective integration. Los Angeles County for the data specify only that the goal is "to use and operate a modern telecommunications network that benefits all flexibly use. County from the desktop to telecommunications. desktop U.S. government has initiated a national data exchange program with a simple purpose, to the intellectual property of the United States. Applies to all the needs and rights of access.
"The computer becomes a real benefit to our society only when they are linked by infrastructure such as highways and power systems. Schedule power of a new form of free market data service. Features that make highways and power grids truly useful. pervasiveness of every home and office simultaneously. Accessing these services are used. – Do not think the normal course of life and work. This has caused widespread access due recognition. Interconnection standards. If the standard of driving is not unexpected and dangerous confusion. If the wall plug all different shapes, or the power plug all Random? If the services must think that too many interests and service can not be the beginning of our lives and work environment. "Imagine that the United States by highway. Millions of cars, buses and trucks, our driving force. our own backyards and parking areas where possible. The brave few forays with dirt, uncharted. Challenges, and corruption street filled with scary bad . 7 analogy Parking Figure 1.1 shows the current data processing environment, most organizations. . Simple and transparent Find and use information on the local network. (LAN), but data on the LAN can not access other close End users access corporate data is often unavailable except as set forth. Although data from PC computer. – Mainframes to many powerful and flexible and widely used remains in isolation. When they communicate. They usually do not pass the. arcane and any information with many faces. As shown in Figure 1.2 can use the text. Painting, music, spoken form, the share price. Invoice software live video and other organizations. No information on a computer has become the order set deceptively and center of the object model. Infrastructure must be flexible in the way they transport and zero In addition to a truly binary path to the destination of these infrastructures must be able to perform binary. With different degrees of speed, accuracy and security to support the ability of computers and different needs.
Because computers are manufactured and sold by sellers with different views. The most effective technology is the concept of working together not in use. Transport people and centers around But flexible. Not enough computers based on different technologies. Can not understand each other and have zero understanding than foreign languages. We need to raise a set of organizations that share extensive common understanding our Convention, the Convention will also need ideas to make life easier for men than for government computers. Final structure will be truly helpful with. "Common server" computer that has a few basic information like services much like the white pages and yellow computer
Process of technological innovation. The progress that challenges the human mind to understand how to take advantage of the ability of Electronic data management technology innovation in personal computers, high-speed electronics. Communications and digital data encryption opportunities to add new services at lower prices. Personal computers can provide services directly to people with little computer. They experience a low-cost, high-performance machine tools, visit the individual lives or access information regardless of the physical Stored communications standard user interface and data access. intercrosses was set for personal computers and is approved by a majority of the manufacturing community. Have reason to accept answers that do not comply with standards unacceptable. Most large organizations today use a different storage hardware, software and connectivity technology. There is a significant strength increases in the use of technology from multiple manufacturers. This trend will lead to very different environments for users and system developers. Users interested in running the business, not technology. Developers not interested in technology than a subset. Concept of a single system image, you can tell that create System that provides transparency of the technology platform for users and As the largest as far as possible to develop Developers must have sufficient knowledge of grammar Used to solve business problems. But it will be little or no knowledge about the underlying technology infrastructure. Hardware platform, operating system, database and communications tool. Protocol is a component of the technology necessary to solve any computer problem. But they should provide -. Not create obstacles in the work. Service should be deceived; They should be provided in a manner that is natural with no need to provide. weird gyrations to call them. The only shelter and services are connected using standard can we hope to develop Systems quickly and economically. At the same time cover (called. encapsulation. In object-oriented programming). Standard interface and maintain the ability to change the reference technology. Without affecting the application of value. Limited imagination when you create a system architecture Development is not art; Engineering is a discipline that can be learned. And the system can be built on the foundation set by previous projects.
Single system image environment where users are business systems that do not know all the stored data. How to run client and server computing, and what networks are involved in driving connection. All user access to programs that were "look. Help provide the same by all. Errors are presented and edited in the same way by all. Access is through the process of security standards for all programs. Each user has. Access all the services he or she needs and rights of access.
• safety class will not be seen with, and does not accept any authority without permission.
Navigation • the functionality and applications to create the same in all systems. You can add a new program with training in as little as one standard page. Procedures and specific business functions to a new learning Does not need to "boot camp for basic training" before using each new program. Basic training is a one-time effort because Basis does not change.
Complexity of different computer platforms will allow multiple connections at both the logical and physical. The evolution of enterprise platforms. Other industries such as changes in the new technology cost effective innovation and acquisitions and mergers Setup other platforms. All these advances will require. The complexity and risk when you try to work with the technology from manufacturers, many more. The need of "proven concept" test to distinguish versions of the product to market. And architecture of E generation. Many organizations use the concept laboratory test called the Technology Development Center staff to make evidence "of the concept TCC concept to local small. All forms of technology involved in a single system image potential collaborators. Installation of proposed solutions. TCC is a low-cost means of solving the confidence that work. These laboratories provide quick installation of the proposed solutions in an environment proof They do not need to set the default of all elements necessary to support some specific new Application Merrill Lynch – Corporate Health Canada home SHL System BSG Corporation, Microsoft, and many others. The laboratory used to verify the consciousness of new technology. Rapid changes in technology such that resources can be used to check new products. Single system image can be done best through customers. server / .. our experience. Verify that the server is a computer program for corporate desktop. Because PC is the view of users in an organization does not guarantee the better one. Image than to start the desktop. But it often seems as if the number of the requirements of customers depending on computer servers agencies explore whether your hardware. And a host of software. IS integrators or individual is interested in the meaning of the goods or services that are essential elements. Throughout this book the following. Meaning is used consistently. .
• Client: The client is the only network to offer services and connect the appropriate computer. And database services and connectivity-related business needs.
• Server: the server is one or multiple processors and memory to calculate the shared connection and database Services and connections related to business needs.
Client server computer environment that is favorable to business by using the appropriate allocation. Client and server processors. Customer service page from the server; Server request and return to customers. Mechanism of communication is through text. Communication interposes (IPC) to help. (But do not), location and distribution customers. process server Client / server software is not the computer. Hardware requirements definition enables customers. / Server model is quite general and suitable to what is known in the industry processing cooperative "or" peer. – To – peer. Because the client server environment is a normal Different platforms, hardware and operating systems of client and server will be different. In such cases, the communication mechanism may be through the extension set A set of standard applications. interfaces (APIs) and long-distance calls. Diagram instead of the modern customer is the first server may be popular by Sybase Figure 1.4 shows visual system, one Customers who use the network based desktop computers for all needs. All that it works on the desktop or use more than one server. – Are they effective or not related to mainframe computers. Customer Effective depth computer server platforms. Users of the program they want to have a business; Computing platform to access business functions, this There is no benefit to risk much to reveal the user's platform. Changes in the underlying platforms and technologies. Should be transparent to the user. Training costs of business processing delays and errors frustrated employees and current employees of the confusion arising from changes in the environment. Users are sensitive technology platform.
Shows that the system easily with transparency to create technology for all users with the highest probability. Back to continued strong investment technology. The same which shows that if developers realize Platform Development Goals be bound platform. Developers can use Technical and grammatical features found only in the specific development platform. Development of tools that separate the single platform which improves transparency in writing. Jobs portable equipment will be available for each of the three key elements of any application to access data processing and access interfaces, including graphical user. Data interface (GUI) and stored using. Processing the business logic. Connectivity services associated with other programs. This simple model shown in Fig. 1.5 should be kept in mind. The following evolution for client server computer. Use technology to a separate development program. This layer separation characteristics of each technology. Floor level from above and below This layering is fundamental in the development program as a customer. / Server rapid rate of change of these technologies, and lack of experience. The "best solution" to the technology we have to separate from one another. This book will continue to emphasize and expand the concept of environment and development. (SDE) is a way to achieve this separation. Development tools that show by far the most Most developers only need to know the syntax of these tools show business problems in a format acceptable. Technology platform. The increased participation of นัก. minicomputer technology and equipment are applied separately to the more important technology. Very little – perhaps not the corporate application development staff need to know hardware, software, database and communication tools specific to a particular product or specific. Presentation Product Service. These will run through the text. Through APIs and built by some tools or technical specialist. As you can see in Chapter 6 of programming. Architecture, technical architecture and support environment and development is key to achieve platform independence and ultimately successful client development. / Server use.
Is an organization that increased their production of personal equipment is widely installed workstation. To protect property. desktop to the terminal to the host. By a single workstation. And lo power of workstations that are not. tapped and migrates to the desktop when most users have a connection from the client computer. desktop support and information to the host mainframe or minicomputer with significant benefits in cost. offloading these powerful workstations. The first application is likely. Data capture and edit them easily. – But still expects the transaction using existing space. If the file is the actual application. Reengineering of business processes that are necessary Functions of accounting and customer service program several offloaded easily in this manner. Therefore, the workgroup and the department. In a LAN, the participating host organizations for large data and enforce business rules. interdepartmental. In this "terminal" dumb (IBM used euphemism nonprogrammable to describe devices 327x). Environmental programs are in the logical model. minicomputer, mainframe, or workstation. Clear workstation. desktop $ 5000 or less can be more Text to display in the terminal $ 500, a server processing power of low-cost workstations to replace the host and application logic is divided. Appropriate platform. As stated earlier, distribution operation and information transparency to users and application developers.
Using a mainframe-centric presentation. The ability of networks to front. – End of the program. The interface is. remapped by products such as stand and Mozart same information is displayed or accessed using The drop down list fields, check boxes and buttons; User interface easy to use and provide information more clearly. In a mainframe-centric nature of mainframe applications. Continue to run unmodified as terminal data stream is processed by the communications workstation. – Based API is protecting investments in existing applications while improving performance. And reduced usage mode driven screen mode trying to block a lot of information as possible to reduce transmission to complete Mute function, the building no. Limited user interface including fixed field length list length constant display one or congestion. Limited text and graphics and text unlimited Icons and Windowing limited for many programs display. In addition, a permanent image of the screen that makes it difficult to support the conditional information. In contrast workstation. GUI makes it easy to create a dynamic display. This allows the screen to create the model parameters according to the data values of specific fields. Variable-length field to move a field and a list of the number of rows to scroll. This allows a larger virtual screen to be used with additional information. no communication between the customer network. Windowing and servers can be used to help extract information such as text entry and the correct error message without the original contents of the screen. Very strong in the GUI of workstation users to easily navigate around the screen. More information can be wrapped with a different color display graphics, fonts, icons, scrolling list. Drop-down lists and option boxes. List of options that can allow users to choose the value of your fast. You can help by using the context and position the cursor down one. List amenities. Although limited to client / server computing capabilities to the front. GUI for existing frequent client. Home / Application Server as used by organizations familiar with the mainframe host and terminal – dumb GUI guidelines keep existing investments, while the benefits of ease of use about GUI possibilities for significant change and complete the function, the user interface without changing the host.
Logical next step is to make some editing and logic to run at Desktop workstation is more logical to increase without any change in the host and the host may reduce the list by sending the correct value items only. Changed the least. To the host of the network is reduced and can improve performance by using the workstation is encrypted stream of data in compressed form. More interactive. User interface can provide a built-in contextual help. And prompt and comprehensive user interface that is important in users' expertise These options can be added through Using the power of a workstation. These capabilities allow users with existing systems and may have fewer training opportunities, access to public usage. Exchange information electronically. (EDI) is an example of the end of this process. EDI enables organizations to communicate electronically with suppliers or customers. Frequently these systems. The front end to manage the network links. EDI, but still work with existing programs to end the patronage system. Messages are reformatted and acceptance by client management. EDI, but the application is done using the existing server. Productivity may be increased significantly by collecting information sources and enable all the power. Typically, if the employer form Data for the multipart form data into multiple systems. Collect this information to a server on the client and server programs. reusing data for applications programs to reduce errors and lower costs for data entry speed of access to this information.
There is a delay while the form is not passed around. Organization is usually a better technique to imaging technology in a format that will create and distribute within the organization. The use of technology and workflow management. Techniques in conjunction with imaging technology as an effective way of managing the process when the form was filled in by the body that are far away from this organization. Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR) technology can be a very effective way to automatically collect data from forms without key Current experience with this technique shows a more accurate rate. 99.5 percent for the print format and more percent. 98.5 for handwritten forms.
Rightsizing and rationalizing. The strategy used for server customers to take advantage. Low cost of workstation technology. Rightsizing and upsizing may involve the addition of diversity, or more efficient computing resources to enterprise computing. The benefits of rightsizing can reduce costs and And / or work performance and flexibility of use of the organization. Significant cost savings will result. Reducing staff cost hardware and software maintenance. Saving more often arise from optimizing your community by using technology. client / server eliminate the middle class power management represents the first level of management with decision-makers to work all Desktop to the data by computer networks and workstations. Combined with the existing area. (Such as mainframe and mini computers). Programs necessary to facilitate the empowerment of this These desktop host – house system integration of the information required. Decisions quickly. Workstations can be effective. desktop access to information as part of normal business practices. Architects and developers must work closely with the business. The decision of the manufacturer to ensure that new programs and systems are designed to include the business processes effectively. Very good result in the return of technology investments owned by. Lack of understanding by designers of the business impact of day to day their solutions. Downsizing information systems rather than trying to use technology workstations are replaced. Existing mainframe and using minicomputers. Although some benefit by this method will benefit more by adjusting the business processes really dismantle the ability of Desktop environment, efficient solutions when they see the actual user to add value to business processes. Client server technology / low cost using standard hardware. Will drive downsizing Client / server computing desktop the user organization '. We move from generation to generation computer center of the computer workgroup of the workstation. desktop is empowering business users to restore ownership of his or her information resources. Client / server computing and the best antique and new multi-user access to trusted information sharing and Resources with simple desktop workstation performance.
In view of the above shows that the object concept development. embodied in the organization created for the SDE. Architecture of a set of tools. SDE to develop more efficient and maintenance than Companies with experience in ways. host – based Traditional Client server computer. You can open the computer. Cool as a rule development tools and development environments will be built on openness and standards in mind. Mainframe applications have not downsized – no. Edit to workstation environment. Can be adjusted using a small tool that conflict with existing port mainframe. source code or write new programs larger conflict. Using completely new. In porting, compilers COBOL native file system operation and emulators for DB2, IMS DB / DC and CICS can be written in a workstations. wide array tool since PowerBuilder, Visual Basic, and Access to large equipment such as Forte and Dynasty has added Micro Focus Object Oriented (OO). The option to customize the. To facilitate the building reusable components. OO option supports integration with programs under development. Smalltalk / V PM of IBM CICS for OS / 2, OS400, RS6000, and HP / UX product. Enables developers to port applications directly Standard CICS call interfaces from mainframe to workstation. These programs can run under OS / 2, AIX, OS400, HP / UX, or MVS / license without modification. Promise to enable developers to create jobs in the operating environment. CICS MVS and then give them enough of these different environments. Without any modification. Contrast, the program can design and create the environment and ported after the MVS (if this is the reason to move). Envisioning organizations such as migration should ensure that SDE combines a standard line for these platforms.
These products are back in the economic process on the workstation to workstation. Local Area Network for the expansion and maintenance of the existing environment. processors host the corporate mainframe or minicomputer views resources as real coins developers may Updated offloading development in three to six months. Explorers can take effect only when the appropriate conditions for development will add to the proposed location and set of tools. Plus the ability to connect to host. Workstation operating system is still based more than MVS host server is located. VMS or UNIX operating system is appropriate. Standards and procedures must be put in place to coordinate joint development. Workstation environment will change. Particular project and create a standard way to be flexible enough Continue to work in a new environment.
Reserves come from new projects to create value that can be ideal to start and use the environment. LAN network retrofit all possible environmental standards and creating a workstation environment maintenance. LAN – based less useful because it creates a certain standard of walking. Costs but these costs are appropriate when the application is scheduled to receive maintenance significantly, or if application is very important and the desire to reduce errors created. Of change. Discipline related to the movement. client / server – based development and code transfer between host and client server means to make better Testing and fewer errors. Testing and deployment of workstation and enables developers to test and more efficient so correct Business communications database. Programs and services. In an ideal world, we select the best server available, these allow our organization to maximize the current technology. Develop real world 'compromises. To accommodate the existing technology in existing products to investment products, training support and other factors. Many keys to success. Full client / server, select the appropriate application and technical architecture for the organization. Once the technical architecture of the tool is known.
Last step is to achieve SDE to categorize the main tool in reality. SDE is a standard set of hardware, software, standard method. Interface and training designed to accommodate the specific needs of the organization. Many development projects not because they think that those who have boxes full of carpenter. As a tool to build.
In view of the above shows that to be successful, planning must be trained to a standard Setting standards to define interfaces for sewage water, electricity utilities. Streets, schools, and communities is essential for creating value. We do not expect a carpenter to design individual buildings such as the connection each. Quite busy discourages imagination in this regard. By reusing a previous version of this success included. We benefit from lower costs and risk. Sufficient to indicate that the introduction of all new object-oriented technology as tools for client / server development needs appropriate Standards can be put in public to support the development reused. code, interfaces with existing security management organization, standard errors and "stare and think. As with new technology or be changed. Developers can create systems linked closely with current technology or use SDE and promote the use can perform with expertise. Podium